Level III Derivatives

Access to all Level III derivatives articles until the next Level III exam date

Adjusting Allocation Only Adjusting the allocation of a portfolio that comprises both equity and fixed income is nothing more than a combination of: Adjusting the value of the equity portion of the portfolio by a given amount (up or down), and Adjusting the value of the fixed income portion of the portfolio by that same […]

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Creating synthetic cash from an equity portfolio or a fixed income portfolio, creating synthetic equity from cash, and creating synthetic bonds from cash are, in principle, no different than adjusting the value/beta of an equity portfolio, or adjusting the value/duration of a fixed income portfolio, except for that one pesky characteristic of cash: cash always […]

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Adjusting the Value of a Fixed Income Portfolio The typical formula for computing the number of bond futures contracts needed to adjust the value of a fixed income portfolio is: \[N_f\ =\ \frac{V_T\ -\ V_P}{V_f}\left(\frac{Dur_P}{Dur_f}\right)\left(yield\ \beta\right)\] where: \(N_f\): number of bond futures contracts to buy (i.e., take the long position) or sell (i.e., take the […]

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Adjusting the Value of an Equity Portfolio The typical formula for computing the number of equity futures contracts needed to adjust the value of an equity portfolio is: \[N_f\ =\ \frac{V_T\ -\ V_P}{V_f}\left(\frac{\beta_P}{\beta_f}\right)\] where: \(N_f\): number of equity futures contracts to buy (i.e., take the long position) or sell (i.e., take the short position) \(V_T\): […]

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Dollar duration (or money duration) is a phrase that should be familiar to you by now: instead of measuring the percentage change in the value of a fixed income portfolio for a 1% change in yield to maturity (as modified or effective duration do), dollar duration measures the change in dollar (or other currency) value […]

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Many applications of derivatives – forwards and futures in particular – in risk management boil down to getting from here to there: temporarily changing (adjusting) the: Value of an equity portfolio Beta of an equity portfolio Value of a fixed income portfolio Duration of a fixed income portfolio Allocation of an equity/fixed income portfolio There are formulae […]

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